Informatics In Cancer Prevention Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(254) " looks more like the twenty-first century â€Å" war on panic † – a drawn-out conflict that requires a high degree of intelligence and monitoring to debar menace wholly or observe and extinguish menace early earlier harm becomes widespread\." The purpose, aims, and the of import characteristics of community well-being are good recognized and visibly identified ( Schiavo, 2007 ) chiefly focused on nurturing of the well-being of the community and the populace in general through the activities of bar and control of disease ( Cohen, Chavez and Chehimi, 2010 ) . Soon, public wellness utilizes assorted devices to carry through its intents and due to the epoch of emergent cyberspace rebellion and adept proficient universe, information sciences is an illustration of critical tools that public wellness is using to supply distinguishable and timely attention to the community more proficiently. Supplying such services could be disputing for many grounds due to the fact that when information sciences combines with public wellness services, there are diverse degrees of affairs and issues to be handled ( Yasnoff, O’Carroll, Koo, Linkins and Kilbourne, 1995 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Informatics In Cancer Prevention Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, the advancement made by public wellness over the old ages in relation to malignant neoplastic disease bar through information sciences in the United States will be evaluated. In 1971, there was the realisation that malignant neoplastic disease is a disease that required immediate and pressing attending by the public wellness hence Congress the declared â€Å" war on malignant neoplastic disease, † ( Hess et al. , 2005 p.160 ) . At that clip, it was the apprehension of public wellness that covering with malignant neoplastic disease was like managing a solo disease. Surprisingly, it did non take much clip for public wellness suppliers to come to the realisation that malignant neoplastic disease is a terrifying, hard, and a disease with many causes and beginnings that requires immediate full public consciousness and actions. Shortly, after this realisation, the conflict against malignant neoplastic disease became one of the precedences of the twenty-first century ; â€Å" a war to be fought on multiple foreparts against a diffuse enemy and for which bar was the most wise way to triumph † ( Hess et al. , 2005 p. 159 ) . In order to win and win t his battle against malignant neoplastic disease, the National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) needed to integrate the rules of wellness information sciences in guaranting that the populace is empowered through an environment that is supportive and which integrates information sciences, transforms scientific discipline, delivers safe and patient-oriented wellness attention, with accent on single control, in public wellness. To accomplish these ends, Hesse ( 2005 ) indicated that NCI connotations include the use of three assorted wellness information sciences applications: â€Å" applications in bioinformatics, applications in medical information sciences and applications in consumer information sciences † ( p. 159 ) . This information sciences would take the way of systematic engineering invention, enhances the handiness of an environment that supports protected and efficient health care bringing, and empowers persons to take charge of their personal wellness severally. Taking charge of one ‘s wellness includes bar of diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease and direction of any disease in the event that such disease was non evitable. To maintain these applications on path, wellness attention decision makers must take a sociotechnical attack to execution. The new systems must be built into the wellness attention environment in such a manner that they support human capacities, provide failsafe backups in the face of cognitive and physical restrictions, and support uninterrupted quality betterment. In July 2001 the Institute of Medicine released â€Å" Traversing the Quality Chasm, † its landmark prescription for wellness attention in the twenty-first Century. The major subject of the study was far making: â€Å" Health attention today is characterized by more to cognize, more to pull off, more to watch, more to make, and more people involved in making it than at any clip in the state ‘s history. † No one person can anticipate to hold on the complexness of modern medical scientific discipline, nor can any one person stay abreast of the tsunami of informations and findings that comprise effectual wellness attention over the life span of a typical patient ( IOM, 2001 ) . Changes must be made, writers of the study argued, to the really system in which wellness attention occurs to cover with the sheer volume of mounting medical information, and to guarantee that the right information is brought to bear at the right clip on every wellness determination made throu ghout an person ‘s lifetime. The lone manner to maintain up with alterations and demands of the populace is through progresss in information engineering. At the really least, the wellness attention system has to be redesigned to do the same indispensable usage of information technology-through computerized records direction, electronic informations interchange, and safety systems-that are already standard in other industries ( UDDHHS, 2004 ; Daniel, 2006 ) . More critically, to win the wellness conflicts of the twenty-first century, the system will necessitate to do substantial springs frontward. It must turn to suit an information rich environment of wellness attention that is supportive of wellness and health in the twenty-first century. In this paper, the author will explicate how the battle against malignant neoplastic disease is conceptualized by research workers and practicians at the National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) , the establishment that is tasked by the US Federal Government to take research attempts against the disease. Then followed by explicating how the development of a co-ordinated public wellness information sciences substructure will be a necessary, enabling measure for transforming the research endeavor, bettering pattern, and enabling personal wellness decision-making. In 1971, with the transition of the Cancer Act, the U.S. Congress declared â€Å" war on malignant neoplastic disease † ( Congress, 1971 ) , and since so attempts have been to towards remedy. The scientific advancement made since that clip has been amazing, but what the biomedical community learned was merely how formidable and sophisticated the enemy was. What we now know to be malignant neoplastic disease is truly a household of 100 + diseases, each with parallel yet distinguishable aetiologic waies, and a deadly inclination to engender new malignances through an insidious procedure of metastasis. Rather than resemble the â€Å" Great War † against a individual enemy, the war on malignant neoplastic disease looks more like the twenty-first century â€Å" war on panic † – a drawn-out conflict that requires a high degree of intelligence and monitoring to debar menace wholly or observe and extinguish menace early earlier harm becomes widespread. You read "I nformatics In Cancer Prevention Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Understanding the pathology of malignant neoplastic disease provides an enlightened position of where the Windowss of chance are for commanding the disease. For illustration through the attempts of public wellness run against the usage of baccy led to the first important decrease in deceases due to malignant neoplastic disease in the twentieth century ( Von Eschenbach, 2005 ) . Besides, malignant neoplastic disease showing has been credited with dramatically cut downing mortality from cervical malignant neoplastic disease and decreases in mortality are being achieved through early sensing of chest, prostate, and colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases ( National Academy of Sciences, 2012 ) .If testing helps the control of malignant neoplastic disease it is alluring to explicate a policy that would recommend for wide spectrum showing processs routinely for the bulk of the population. It does non take long, nevertheless, to calculate out that the disbursal of such an attack, non to ad vert the undue breaks from false positives for those non at hazard, would be prohibitory. Another nutrient for idea is, if so many malignant neoplastic diseases are evitable through primary and secondary bar schemes, and the function of the human genome is unlocking the secrets of more effectual showing trials, so why has malignant neoplastic disease eclipsed bosom disease as a figure 1 slayer of Americans aged 85 old ages and younger? One of the replies may be that our ability to bring forth informations may hold outstripped our ability to use and incorporate new cognition. Journalist David Schenk referred to this as â€Å" Data Smog, † a status that exists when excessively much natural information precipitates â€Å" palsy by analysis † among scientists, and excessively many intelligence narratives depicting the latest â€Å" scientific determination † leave consumers bewildered and bedraggled ( Shenk,1997 ) . The thought of public overload became evident by replies to the National Cancer Institute ‘s ( NCI ) Health Information National Trends Survey ( HINTS ) in 2003. HINTS is a two-year, random digit dial telephone study designed to measure grownups ‘ use of different communicating media and their resulting cognition, attitudes, and behaviours relevant to malignant neoplastic disease control ( Nelson et al. , 2004 ) . In the study respondents were asked on a one to five scale how much they agreed with the statement that â€Å" there are so many different recommendations it is difficult to cognize what to make to forestall malignant neoplastic disease. † About 75 % of the sample indicated they â€Å" strongly agreed † or â€Å" agreed † with the statement that there were excessively many recommendations to cognize what to make ( Hesse, et al. , 2005 ) . To accomplish advancement in malignant neoplastic disease bar, it is of import that healthcare forces maintain up with the many new engineerings, incorporating them into the crowded work flow of a patient centered medical pattern. Integration a nd application will be indispensable if malignant neoplastic disease research workers wish to travel invention into pattern and to hold an impact on the national malignant neoplastic disease load. The solution rests in tackling the power of health-related information sciences. The Gallic term â€Å" informatique † was coined in the early 1960 ‘s to depict an emerging engineering that would let scientists to pass on informations via computing machine webs. Heavy investing in the 1960 ‘s and 1970 ‘s in the United States led to the development of a robust web protocol ( Transmission Control Protocol – Internet Protocol ) that would construct on the information sciences construct by enabling defence research workers and contractors to pass on informations with each other over widely distributed and loosely interconnected computing machine webs. Further investings in the U.S. during the 1980 ‘s and 1990 ‘s enabled the National Science Foundation to widen the benefits of information sciences substructures to basic scientific discipline research workers and to pedagogues. That period culminated in the development of the NSF high velocity anchor, a public substructure designed to enable high velocity transmittal of infor mations and messages across the US and to selected research labs internationally. Further force per unit area on the US Congress led to the formation of programs to enable a wide information sciences substructure for public usage, which led to a denationalization of a national information sciences substructure ( NII ) and an credence of TCP-IP as the criterion for inter-network connectivity. On November 15, 2001 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) published a study by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics naming for the development of a National Health Information Infrastructure, or NHII ( National Committee on Health and Vital Statistics, 2001 ) . To spread out entree to the information, and to salvage clip and disbursal from reinventing the same computing machine resources across research labs, the NCI has invested in a common information sciences substructure caBIG ( for the malignant neoplastic disease Bio-Informatics Grid ) , this substructure will function as a common information platform through which take parting labs may portion protocols, metadata ( i.e. , informations about informations ) , contacts, computing machine applications, vocabularies, depository informations, and instruments which is regarded as collaboratory ( Buetow, 2005 ) . Another end of engineering is to enable a new epoch of scientific discipline in which research workers and clinicians, from different parts of the state and from entirely different subjects, can unite forces. Therefore, the engineerings must be able to back up an epoch of large-scale â€Å" squad scientific discipline † ( IOM, 2003 ) . An illustration is the Cancer Molecular Assessment Project, or caMAP. The primary end of the caMAP undertaking is to ease the designation of molecular marks for malignant neoplastic disease. This is achieved by utilizing genomic informations onto the web at the NCI. The information will so be combined with information on molecular tracts obtained from BioCarta, a functional categorization of cistrons. Connections to molecularly targeted curative agent information are made through the NCI ‘s Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program. The concatenation of patterned advance in the function of public wellness information sciences for malignant neoplastic disease bar includes the grounds garnered from biomedical scientific discipline and direct nexus with wellness attention bringing system in seasonably, safe, and effectual ways. Unquestionably, information engineering must play a important function in conveying the right information, into the right relationship, at the right clip to take full advantage of Windowss of chance in malignant neoplastic disease attention. There are by and large four types of computing machine applications that have been developed over the past two decennaries that can ease the find to bringing procedure. They include: ( a ) interoperable and interrelated records direction systems, ( B ) bibliographic hunt and retrieval systems, ( degree Celsius ) determination support systems, and ( vitamin D ) biomedical imaging systems. The end of making a truly interoperable and interrelated electronic medical record system has been more elusive. In malignant neoplastic disease attention, the promise of developing portable electronic wellness record systems will enable new chances for intercession across the full malignant neoplastic disease attention continuum. Cancer patients are particularly at hazard as they transition from one wellness attention puting to another, and as they transfer attention from general practicians to medical oncologists. An interrelated medical record system, if executed right, will make a better occupati on at back uping these passages. The public-service corporation of bibliographic databases will enable doctors throughout the universe unparalleled entree to the medical literature. Future attempts will needfully concentrate on making newer and more efficient seeking algorithms to assist oncologists convey the best grounds to bear on every determination they make, irrespective of how rare the malignant neoplastic disease is. On-line information science tools, such as the Cancer Control Planet for public wellness decision makers will give determination shapers vetted entree to evidence-based plans as contained within the medical and public wellness literature. Another computing machine application is the Decision support systems ( DSS ) . Since the early 1970s, determination support systems ( DSS ) engineering and applications have evolved significantly. Many technological and organisational developments have exerted an impact on this development. DSS one time utilized more limited d atabase, mold, and user interface functionality, but technological inventions have enabled far more powerful DSS functionality. DSS one time supported single decision-makers, but subsequently DSS engineerings were applied to workgroups or squads, particularly practical squads. The coming of the Web has enabled inter-organizational determination support systems, and has given rise to legion new applications of bing engineering every bit good as many new determination support technologies themselves. Mobile tools, nomadic e-services, and wireless Internet protocols are taging the following major set of developments in DSS. In the early history of public wellness information sciences, the populace did non swear computing machines for determination devising. They were non willing to release personal control over decision-making as a consequence of the determination procedure non been clear to them. Computers will non be able to replace higher degrees of thought and judgement but has bee n able to execute some of the boring undertakings associated with information direction. Their true part is in supplying human decision-makers with better quality information so that they can do better determinations. To utilize Zuboff ‘s footings, computing machines will non â€Å" automate ; † they will â€Å" informate † ( Zuboff, 1984 ) . As a consequence, it is critical for public suppliers to cognize that the best usage of engineerings is non to replace clinical judgement, but to augment it. Public wellness information sciences continues to play important function in health care and engineerings provide a assortment of chances to turn to public wellness challenges such as malignant neoplastic disease. Datas from the 2003 disposal of the Health Information National Trends Survey revealed that the public relied on the cyberspace as their first beginning of information on malignant neoplastic disease bar ( Hesse et al. , 2005 ) . This determination is consistent with on-line wellness information tendencies reported from other studies. In tracking the figure of Americans traveling online, the U.S. Census Bureau noted a gradual slope from â€Å" 22.2 % in 1997 to 42 % in 2000 and 51 % in 2001. By 2003, the HINTS information placed the figure of Americans online at 63.0 % ( 95 % CI, 61.7-64.3 ) † . Of those who report being online, â€Å" 63.7 % ( 95 % CI, 61.7-65.8 ) † reported holding looked for medical information for themselves or for others sometime in the old 12 months. Sing what sort of wellness information people search for online, Rice reported that â€Å" malignant neoplastic disease † was the 3rd most popular health-related hunt term on the Web after â€Å" depression † ( # 1 ) and â€Å" allergic reactions † ( # 2 ) ( Rice, 2001 ) . Each twenty-four hours the figure continues to increase and public wellness information sciences continues to hold consequence in malig nant neoplastic disease bar. This is an of import ground for Consumer Informatics which require multiple channels. To back up information seeking in complex environments, Marchionini ( 1995 ) , the National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) continues on the betterment of scientific guidelines and to the full equipped serviceability research lab to carry on research and rating. NCI was instrumental in piecing an grounds base for the design of wellness related Web sites. NCI has intensified in its attempts to better public wellness consciousness in the bar of malignant neoplastic disease through public wellness information sciences. For illustration, the diffusion of Personal Health Records online, allows patients to supervise their ain electronic medical information. This promotes a greater sense of self-advocacy among patients, thereby doing them more argus-eyed in supervising their ain wellness conditions and can go more proactive in modulating their ain wellness behaviours an of import par t of public wellness information sciences in malignant neoplastic disease bar. ( ? Reference ) . Besides, reminder systems embedded within the personal wellness record can motivate patients to see their doctors for everyday showing trials or can supply instructions for behaviour when research lab values exceed safe scopes. In kernel, the patient can go portion of the wellness attention squad, supervising his or her ain wellness in more informed ways. Greater support for self-care, both for persons and their health professionals is an of import facet of public wellness particularly as chronic diseases continue to lift. An addition in edification within on-line media is merely one aspect of a to the full supportive and healthy environment. Other media – newspapers, magazines, telecasting, wireless, and booklets will prevail as new communicating channels come online. In general, the new mix of media will look more disconnected and specialized than the early yearss of mass commun icating. The new mix will besides be more synergistic than the predating information environment and will be fueled by an implicit in convergence of engineerings. In the early yearss of the Internet wellness communicators thought of the World Wide Web as a concluding finish for wellness information searchers. The accent was making content to be browsed on screen in Hyper Text Markup Language ( HTML ) . Using the Web as a bringing mechanism, instead than a finish, could intend supplying Web surfboarders with downloadable, printer-friendly booklets that could easy be circulated to others. By back uping meeting engineerings, wellness information Web interior decorators could widen their public wellness range beyond the Digital Divide. Public wellness Informaticians must acknowledge that wellness attention environments are made up of people, tools, and conversations. Redesign attempts must maintain this in head if the attempts are to be successful ; new engineerings must be compatible with user properties and they must be supportive of work flow and communicating demands. Understanding and placing the audience is a cardinal point for presenting any public wellness intercession, it is indispensable to cognize the targeted audience, wellness literacy degree, readability degree, therefore the wellness communicating manner, format, and linguistic communication will be good received, accepted, and understood by that peculiar audience. Since every public wellness communicating has a intent and say to bring forth an result from the targeted audience, it is required that it will utilize the recognized tools that helps to actuate this audience to lend to the result effectual of communicating ( Schiavo, 2007 ) . As a consequ ence, Schiavo entreaties to public wellness professionals on this point and says that – it is of import to retrieve that public wellness communicating starts and ends with the audience ( Schiavo, 2007 ) . O’Carroll et Al. ( 2003 ) besides warns public wellness information sciences professionals and partisans and say that success of public wellness information sciences is non merely about computing machines and hardware but it is about the people who will utilize and implement these systems and webs because public wellness information sciences creates value. The attacks used by public wellness forces yielded and continues to bring forth positive result on malignant neoplastic disease bar. This shows that credence of a public wellness message depends on how it is presented ( Schiavo, 2007 ) . The first point to see when implementing a new engineering is to understand exhaustively the work environment into which the engineering will be integrated. Many Health IT undertaki ngs fail when deployed in existent universe scenes. These are scenes filled with conflicting work demands, clip restraints, and into which foisting a hard-to-use or error-prone computing machine system would bring mayhem. As the engineering of medical scientific discipline becomes more complex, the grade of hazard associated with utilizing the engineering additions. So excessively, the demand arises to guarantee that the engineerings are embedded within the environment of medical attention in a seamless, effectual, and safe manner. This exhortation was a nucleus subject in the Institute of Medicine ‘s comrade studies to the medical community: â€Å" To Err is Human and Traversing the Quality Chasm † ( Institute of Medicine, 2000 ) . An expressed subject of the book was that mistakes do non stand for failures of persons, but failures of the wellness attention system and the mode in which attention is delivered. To better bringing techniques, mistakes must be addressed fr om a systemic and a human factors perspective. In working with human capacities, instead than against them, systems applied scientists must concentrate on constructing the back-ups and failsafe processs into their engineerings that allow worlds to run within natural tolerances for cognitive capacity and physical restrictions. Because discrepancies are natural, the system must besides be self-correcting. It should be infused with informations supervising systems that can inform uninterrupted quality betterment, and it should do careful usage of intelligent agents to inform -not take away from – human judgement and decision-making. Another country in which systems applied scientists and wellness attention forces are concentrating on in order to better the function of wellness information sciences in the bar of chronic diseases for illustration malignant neoplastic disease is in supplying degrees of support that go beyond individual minutess which Zuboff and Maxmin ( 2002 ) refe rred to as the construct of supplying â€Å" deep support † Supplying deep support entails trust-filled relationship between wellness attention system and their client. In the Web economic system, developers have frequently made the unforesightful error of seeking to pull out concern value from each and every dealing through the add-on of â€Å" start up ads † † ( Zuboff A ; Maxmin, 2002 ) into the user ‘s attending, frequently while the clients were seeking to happen critical information. When a end directed visitant comes to a Web site looking for of import wellness information, the last thing they want is to be bombarded with a bombardment of targeted advertizements or to pick up on a wellness message that is uncomplete, disconnected, or filled with uninterpretable words. Where information sciences systems need to travel following is to associate all facets of a patient ‘s information environment together to organize an unbroken cradle of â€Å" deep support † over clip. The Institute of Medicine referred to this end as making a â€Å" healing relationship † with the wellness attention system, in which some facet of a coordinated attention environment can be made available in patient-centric ways 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 7 yearss a hebdomad. It is the long-run support facet of wellness attention bringing coordinated across people and systems that will turn the tide on malignant neoplastic disease. As promotion in health care continues through information sciences, links must be drawn to the single patient, to be certain that the patient is supported over a life-time of wellness information decision-making. Making an environment that is every bit supportive of all members of the population is critical. Serviceability interior decorators refer to this construct as Universal Design ( Deering, 2002 ) . Universal Design construct allows characteristics in the environment that will let for maximal inclusion across changing degrees of physical ability and across scopes of socioeconomic strata in the community. For illustration, Curb cuts which are indentures built into pavements that give people in wheelchairs easy entree to the food market shops, office edifices, and promenades and which are besides utile to people who are physically able, as they can be used as waies for shopping carts, babe saunterers, bags on â€Å" wheelies, † and bikes. The characteristic is a cosmopolitan design, since it benefits everyone. This same construct is an illustration of public wellness function in the betterment of wellness via information sciences ( Shneiderman, 1998 ) because attempts are made to construct kerb cuts into comput ing machines. An illustration is the ability to set ocular position or â€Å" rapid climb † in graphical user interfaces. Size accommodations do it easy for people with differing degrees of ocular sharp-sightedness to set the size of objects on the screen ( say words or Numberss ) for easiness of sing. Another manner of nearing cosmopolitan design is to make systems that adapt easy to differing degrees of experience or proficient edification ( Shneiderman, 1998 ) Staging a web site so that information of cosmopolitan involvement is contained within the first few beds, while supplying well-marked waies to the more sophisticated proficient information is of import for the bar of chronic diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease. Attention to rules of cosmopolitan design in malignant neoplastic disease attention will make an intelligent wellness attention environment that, like a well-marked main road, will take all users down the route to malignant neoplastic disease free lives. The findings of the function of public wellness information sciences in malignant neoplastic disease bar and control provide possible waies for concentrating preventative intercessions. More research is needed to better understand how wellness information can be used more widely and efficaciously. One country of research could analyze how organisations obtain and utilize this information ; what value users derive from the information ; which types of flexible tools users would happen most utile ; and preparation and other capacity demands needed to promote the effectual usage of the information. It is believed that the new and evolving subject of public wellness information sciences is the key to consistently and scientifically worki ng this chance to the benefit of the populace ‘s wellness. This demand is an chance and challenge for me as a public wellness information sciences pupil to carry on farther research that will turn to public wellness information sciences issues with cognition gained from this class and plan. To reason, it has been over three decennaries since Congress foremost declared war on malignant neoplastic disease and public wellness attempts in anti-smoking runs has decreased the rate of lung malignant neoplastic disease in work forces, with similar lessenings in adult females non far behind. Successful usage of early sensing plans in chest and cervical malignant neoplastic disease, prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease have cut back rates of mortality on each of those foreparts. Coincidentally, the new war on malignant neoplastic disease is being fought with engineering ; information sciences calculating. To reason, there is a new mentality to malignant neoplastic disease bar because public wellness information sciences is communicated in a manner that creates value in the mark population. The NCI continues to make a hereafter in which persons are empowered with the information and tools they need to take cancer-free lives and one in which decease and enduring from malignant neoplastic disease will be nonexistent through public wellness information sciences, bioinformatics, medical information sciences, and consumer information sciences. Regardless of these and such hurdlings, Centers for Diseases Control has shown pronounced advancement ( CDC 2011a-b, CDC, 2010 A ; O’Carroll, 2003 ) in the usage and application of engineering to public wellness in public wellness information sciences both at federal and local degrees. Harmonizing to CD ‘s Public Health Information Network ( PHIN ) , the end is besides to make populations at planetary degree. How to cite Informatics In Cancer Prevention Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Concept of SWOT Analysis in Strategic Management-Free-Samples

Question: Choose one of the concepts of strategic management you have discussed so far in the Module, for example SWOT, Porters five forces, etc., and apply it to your organization. This will be a mini-case study. Answer: The concept of SWOT analysis in strategic management is one of the most essential concepts that allow an evaluation of an organization. The SWOT actually refers to the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that are present within and outside the organization (Abraham 2013). SWOT effectively lists out the fields that have boosted the organization and the fields that need more improvement to enhance growth in the future. The chosen organization for the assignment is Etisalat, a telecommunication company of UAE. SWOT analysis Etisalat is an organization that is owned by the government of UAE and is popular for its telecommunication and data services in the country. The company is known popularly for introducing the correct services for the correct consumer base at the right moment. The market value of the company is around Dh81 billion and the revenue generated per year is at around Dh 32.9 billion (Etisalat.ae 2018). The SWOT of the organization is presented below- Strengths Etisalat owns the main hub in UAE for providing the various telecommunication services and corporate data. The brand presence for the company is strong. A total of 525 agreements were signed by the company for the purpose of roaming and hence allowing it to connect in 185 countries. Weaknesses A business driven company operating in various countries, hence the service quality may vary time to time. Management of the global operation. Opportunities Improvement in the quality of customer services can benefit them a lot (Yu et al. 2013). The company should penetrate virgin markets and explore the areas to which it can expand the services. The customers should be regularly updated about the offers so that they are not kept backdated in context of the plans they are using. Threats The threat from various companies is a massive challenge. Companies such as Du and Vodafone remain the biggest threat to Etisalat. The offers that are provided by other telephone companies can attract the customers and they can shift from Etisalat. The unique services that will come up in the market with new players in the telecom industry will pose threat to the consumer loyalty (Baker 2014). Recommendation Etisalat as a telecommunication service provider should look more into the demands of the consumer base (Hainmueller, Hiscox and Sequeira 2015). The demands should be met by announcing new offers from the company for the customers and this will in return attract new consumers who are using service from a different company. The global operations should be handed over to a team that specializes in the task and hence manages the overall operations sincerely (Heizer 2016). Conclusion To conclude, the SWOT analysis has pointed out the measures that should be taken for the organization to remain in the top position of the telecom industry. The company has a dominant brand image that will make things easier for them to implement, as the consumer base is already aware of the company and its services around the country References Abraham, S., 2013. Will business model innovation replace strategic analysis?.Strategy Leadership,41(2), pp.31-38. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Etisalat.ae. 2018.Etisalat UAE | About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.etisalat.ae/en/about-us.jsp [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018]. Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M.J. and Sequeira, S., 2015. Consumer demand for fair trade: Evidence from a multistore field experiment.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(2), pp.242-256. Heizer, J., 2016.Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Yu, W., Jacobs, M.A., Salisbury, W.D. and Enns, H., 2013. The effects of supply chain integration on customer satisfaction and financial performance: An organizational learning perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,146(1), pp.346-358.

The Negative Effects of Nuclear Energy Essay Example For Students

The Negative Effects of Nuclear Energy Essay In 1950, the first commercial nuclear powerplants were constructed. The public was promiseda non-polluting and resourceful type of energy, buthow safe was, and is, nuclear energy? Althoughthere are less than 500 licensed nuclear powerplants in the world, many nuclear accidents havealready been endangering civilian lives. Moreserious accidents are not just likely, but inevitable(Fairchild 29). Nuclear energy may appear to bethe ideal source of energy for the future: however,there are many negative effects of nuclear energythat can lead to very dangerous situations. Energy has always been among the basic humanconcerns, along with food and shelter. It takespart in all activities, from walking to the operationof even the most complicated equipment. Mankindhas been faced with the challenge of meeting itsenergy needs without risking human health and theenvironment. The many types of energy are mechanical, thermal,chemical, electrical, radiant, and atomic (MicrosoftEncarta). In 1987, oil supplied 32% of the energyworldwide. Coal was next in line with 26%, thennatural gas with 17%, biomass 15%, and nuclearenergy with only 4% (Galperin 19). With the mainsources of our energy running low, nations look tonew sources to provide our society with power. We will write a custom essay on The Negative Effects of Nuclear Energy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Nuclear energy, the newest type of energy, wasresearched to see if it would be the mostpromising type of energy for the future. Surprisingly, nuclear energy was discovered byaccident. In 1896, the French scientist, AntoineHenri Becquerel, conducted an experiment withuranium salts and found that these salts gave offtheir own light when exposed to sunlight. Marieand Pierre Curie were fascinated by thepossibilities of Becquerels rays. The Curiesdiscovered exactly what the rays were and thennamed the phenomenon radioactivity (Halacy 6). During World War II, many scientists from aroundthe world came to the United States to work onnuclear reactors and weapons. With muchsuccess, they continued after World War II andconcentrated more on nuclear energy. Thescientists instantly saw that nuclear energy wouldbe a great source of power because of the amountof power it released. Splitting an amount ofuranium equal to one penny would produce asmuch energy as seven and a half tons of coal(Lilienthal 85). A nuclear power plant is where energy is formedwhen nuclear fission or fusion takes place. So far,however, only the power of fission has beencontrolled and used for energy. There are manyparts of the nuclear power plant, including thereactor, generator, control room, cooling systems,and the electrical, air, and water lines. The heart ofthe nuclear power plant is its reactor core, whichcontains a few hundred fuel assemblies. Thereactor core is encased in a pressured steel tankwith walls several inches thick. In most reactors,this vessel is enclosed in a containment structure. This is a steel-reinforced concrete dome that isabout three feet thick and serves as the outermostbarrier between the plant and the environmentaround it. This helps prevent radiation fromescaping the plant (Galperin 42). There are many different types of nuclear reactors,but all the power plants in the United States andmore than three-quarters of those worldwide arelight-water reactors. There are two types oflight-water reactors, which are boiling-water andpressurized-water reactors. Both types useordinary water as coolant and require enricheduranium (Microsoft Encarta). In boiling-water reactors, cooling water surroundsfuel assemblies. The heat of nuclear fission makesthe water boil and the steam produced is carriedaway from the core to the turbines. Once its workis done, the steam is condensed to water and itreturns to the reactor (Galperin 44). The pressurized-water reactor is more commonlyused than the boiling-water reactor. This reactorseals the cooling water in a closed loop an d addsa heat-exchange system. Water in the reactor coregets hot, but it does not turn to steam. The hotwater is piped through a steam generator andconverts a secondary water supply into steam topower the turbine. The two water supplies do notmix (Galperin 45). A gas-cooled reactor is similar to apressurized-water reactor. The only maindifference is that helium or carbon dioxide gasreplaces the water in the primary loop. Thesereactors cost more to operate and to build, but aremore energy efficient (Galperin 46). The last main type of reactor is a breeder-reactor. .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .postImageUrl , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:hover , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:visited , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:active { border:0!important; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:active , .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4 .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5eb1378306c7f59726f0b188e4566f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Acid Rain EssayThis is very different then other reactors because itproduces more fissionable material then itconsumes. A breeder reactor fuels with acombination of plutonium and uranium. A breederreactor would be extremely useful if uranium wasscarce. It takes about 10 to 60 years to use up thefuel from just one cycle (Galperin 46). Radiation is very strong in the nuclear waste ofpower plants. Nuclear waste exists in severalforms. One form is called high-level waste, and theother is called low-level waste. High-level waste ismostly from the used fuel rods and other materialsexposed to as much radiation as they are. High-level wastes can let out very large amountsof radiation for thousands of years. There is noplace to store this waste that is safe, and it willalways be radioactive. But for now, they arestored in the ground. Other proposed storingsolutions are sending it to space, burying it in thecore of the earth, burying it in the ocean, orburying it under the Antarctic ice. Even these ideashave the potential of severely damaging the earth. An example of low-level waste is the waste left inthe reactor water. This waste is less radioactive,but is still very dangerous (Galperin 65). Two engineers in Connecticut have, not too longago, caught the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) in a dangerous game of disobeying therules. The NRC has been regularly disobeyingsafety rules to let plants keep the cost down andstay open to operate (Microsoft Encarta). Twosenior engineers started questioning after one ofthem had checked the specifications of the coolingsystem in a power plant. After eighteen months of operation, a nuclearpower plant is temporarily shut down. They haveto get rid of the used fuel rods and replace themwith new ones. The old rods are very hot andradioactive. Places to store the old fuel rods arerather limited, especially since the federalgovernment has never designated an officialstorage place for this high-level waste. So wheredo you used fuel rods go? Used fuel rods are kept at a fuel pool at the plantuntil they can find a storage place for them. Fuelpools were created to keep the fuel rods for shortperiods of time. The fuel pool is not supposed tobe f illed to capacity. This is only to be a lastresort. In the fuel pool, a cooling system cools theused, hot, radioactive fuel rods. The more fuelrods that are stored, the more heat. This, in turn,causes more danger. If the cooling system fails, thepool could boil, turning the plant into a lethal saunafilled with radioactive steam (Microsoft Encarta). George Galatis, an employee at Millstone-1Nuclear Facility, had been checking specificationsand realized that the reports of safety in the fuelpool had not been kept. He did some checking ofhis own on this, and discovered that the plant hadbeen putting almost three times as many fuel rodsin the fuel pool as they were supposed to. Hewanted to report this to the NRC right away, buthe knew that some nuclear facilities, like this one,was known to harass and even fire employeeswho raised safety concerns. Therefore, he teamedup with another employee at the plant, GeorgeBetancourt, and brought the issue up to thesupervisors of the plant. They completely deniedthe problem. Galatis and Betancourt then took theproblem to the NRC themselves and found thatthe NRC had been ignoring the problem for over adecade. Nuclear facility scandals have not just beenhappening recently. They have been going on sincethe very beginning of nuclear energy. The nuclearaccident of Chelyabinsk-40 is one of theearlie st-known disasters. The Chelyabinsk-40reactor was located near the Ural Mountains in thecity of Kyshtym, Russia. A tank holdingradioactive gases exploded, contaminating landthousands of miles around the plant. Until 1988,Russia officials dared to admit that this event eventook place. Many things are still unknown aboutthis disaster. What we do know, however, is thatthe region around the reactor is sealed, and morethan 30 towns in the area around it havedisappeared from the Soviet map (Galperin 74). .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .postImageUrl , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:hover , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:visited , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:active { border:0!important; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:active , .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a634ed1313f3d02351b53beee225b7e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Childhood Memories EssayIn a town several miles north of Liverpool,England, there was the nuclear repossessing plantcalled Windscale. In 1957, the plant graphitemoderator overheated. The temperature indicatorsdid not recognize the problem in time, so a largeamount of radiation escaped, contaminating twohundred miles of countryside. This accident is saidto have caused birth defects, cancer, and leukemiain many people who were near the site (Schneider4). In 1975, at Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant inDecatur, Alabama, there was another nuclearaccident. A maintenance worker was checking airleaks with a candle. This was against regulationsand caused the plant to catch on fire. A mel tdownwas luckily prevented, but a worse disastercertainly could have happened (Galperin 75). The worst nuclear accident in the United Statesoccurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island. Thisreactor was located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Many of these reactors had poor safety recordsand an NRC inspector suggested that they beevaluated. Despite this inspectors suggestion,nothing was done. During the cleaning of a sectorof the plant, one pump failed which caused thetemperatures to rise in the cooling circuit. Thesafety devices had turned on and started to workproperly. However, after they cooled the circuit,the safety devices never turned off. Theyeventually used all the coolant and thetemperatures began to rise. A meltdown beganand citizens started evacuating. It is uncertain howmuch radiation escaped into the air from it. Theplant then had to be cleaned up and sealed off. Part of this process is still going on, and theestimated cost upon completion is around twobillion dollars (Stephens 174). The Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Russia was theworst accident in nuclear history. It took threedays of meltdown for the nuclear plant officials toeven realize there was a problem. The problemwas discovered when technicians in countriesbordering Russia noticed high radiation levels anddecided it was coming from Chernobyl. Explosions were shooting radiation into the airbecause Chernobyl was not built with acontainment structure. The radiation was carriedgreat distances by the air currents. The radiationthat escaped into the atmosphere was moreradioactive than the atomic bombs dropped onHiroshima and Nagasaki. Fires also ragedthroughout the complex, which made it hard tocontrol the situation. It was stated that five millionpeople were exposed to the radioactive fallout inUkraine, Belarus, and Russia. Predictions weremade that 40,000 cases of cancer are going to belinked directly to the Chernobyl accident (Galperin82). Chernobyl and other accidents help create agrowing resistance to nuclear energy. This isbecause radiation sickness and other harmfuleffects from over-exposure to radiation haveoccurred. Every person in the world is exposed toradiation. It comes from things such as potassiumin food, radon gases, and uranium decay. Theamount of radiation one is exposed to depends onlocation, eating habits, a s well as many otherthings. Yet, too much radiation exposure isdefinitely fatal. How can nuclear power plants be trusted whenthey are more concerned with saving money, thenprotecting lives? They are violating safetystandards and the government is just watchingthem do it. There are probably many otherviolations that are taking place to let the plantscontinue to operate and compete as a source ofpower. If the NRC suddenly decided to enforceall of its rules, then a majority of nuclear powerplants would have to be shut down. What do youbelieve holds more importance: saving money, orsaving lives? Nuclear energy displays both the brilliance of manand the devastating destruction that mankind cancause. The potential of nuclear energy has causedgreat excitement. However, the destruction ofHiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the manynuclear power plant accidents and the manydangers of radioactivity, have given the worldreason to pause and consider the dangerouspossibilities of nuclear disaster .

Canterbury Tales Essays - Canterbury, The Canterbury Tales, Miller

Canterbury Tales Essays - Canterbury, The Canterbury Tales, Miller Canterbury Tales In Chaucers Canterbury Tales there are twenty-nine plus one characters. Out of the twenty-nine plus one characters two will be compared and contrasted. The Friar and the Miller have some similarities and at the same time some differences. The Friar and the Miller show a few similarities in Canterbury Tales. They are both very strong and able to head butt things without a problem. The Friar was, strong enough to butt a bruiser down(94). The Miller was, Broad, knotty, and short-shouldered(109)he would boast he could heave any door off hinge and post, or take a run and break it with his head(101). The Friar and the Miller both played musical instruments in Canterbury Tales. The both of them also had a way of cheating people out of their money The are also a few differences the Friar and the Miller show. The Friar, for instance, was part of the church; the Miller was not. Also, the Friar has a name, Hubert. The Miller does not have a name. The instrument the Friar plays isnt the same as the Miller. The Friar, played the hurdy-gurdy,(95) and also the harp. The Miller, He liked to play his bagpipes(101) Even though they had ways of cheating people out of their money they had different ways of doing it. . The Friar would hear confessions from the wealthy for a good price and, The Friar was also the finest beggar of his hatch(95). The Miller had, A thumb of gold, by God, to gauge an oat(101)! The Miller would press down on the weighing scale to make the oat weight more. Therefore making the oat cost more. In Canterbury Tales there are twenty-nine plus one characters. Out of the twenty-nine plus one characters, the Friar and the Miller are compared and contrasted. Out of this comparison and contrasting the outcome showed how the Friar and the Miller are alike and somewhat different. Even though they do some of the same things like cheat innocent people out of their money, they do it in different ways which make them have differences.

Post ww2 fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post ww2 fiction and film - Essay Example In The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie similarly damaged people are considered, particularly the title character who draws a few to her but rejects many others. A Clockwork Orange portrays a nightmarish future world, taking several features of 1950’s/1960’s life to their logical conclusions. The title is suggestive of all these works: the people appear to be alive on the outside, but are â€Å"clockwork† (dead) within. The extent to which novels and films can reflect actual problems within society versus the fact that they are reflections of an individual author’s/filmmaker’s view of the world is one that can never be entirely resolved. In reality, novelists and directors live within societies and are thus influenced by them, yet at the same time they are portraying their individual perspectives. Three very distinct novels, such as The Prime of Miss Jean Brody, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and A Clockwork Orange, reflect often nightmarish versions of society. A common theme among all three of them is the place of the individual within society. That is, how far can the individual act in a purely independent manner versus the need to conform? Each novel tackles this question in a different manner and comes to contrasting conclusions. The main characters in each novel are indeed â€Å"individualistic†, in the fact that they follow their own course (often counter to what â₠¬Ëœsociety’ wants for them), and their often difficult fates illustrate the dangers of being an individual. The issue of conformity versus eccentricity is as relevant today as it was in post-war British society, and thus can inform a discussion of problems that are being faced today. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is set in Scotland during the 1930’s. As such it represents a consideration of the interwar rather than the post-war period., but many of its themes resonate to the latter period. The teacher of the title is determined to actually teach the young women at her

Did Credit Rating Agencies do good work (with impact on the Qatari Term Paper

Did Credit Rating Agencies do good work (with impact on the Qatari Context) - Term Paper Example The research will analyze the roles and benefit of CRAs in the last financial crisis of 2007 – 2009. The research will provide evidence of the financial crisis on the credibility and accountability of credit rating agencies. The credit crunch will be explained and also the contribution of credit rating agencies to the financial crisis. The benefit of credit rating agencies to investors is also discussed in the paper. The research methodology and design and reporting and analysis will be dealt with by the research paper. The role of credit rating agencies during and before the financial crisis will also be discussed in the paper. The implication of the financial crisis in the economy of Qatar will be discussed a bit to establish the impact of it is on the people. Contents Abstract 1 Contents 2 Introduction-What Is Credit Rating? 3 Research Objectives 4 Literature Review 4 Role of Credit Rating Agencies During and Before Financial Crisis 6 Credit Ratings Assignment Process 7 Res earch Methodology and Design 8 Reporting and Presentation of the Project 9 Credit Rating Agencies as Coercive Regulators 10 How CRAs Impact On Financial Market Participants 10 Relation between Credit Rating and Agency Problem 11 Implications of Financial Crisis on Qatar’s Economy 12 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction-What Is Credit Rating? Crediting rating is a common statement that refers to opinion concerning a debt instrument and its issuer company. It gives an investor a clear indication on whether the debt instrument is safe or risky. It also tells the investor the capability of the issuer company to pay interest and the principal amount in time. However, credit rating is simply an opinion rather than a recommendation and thus does not require an investor to buy or sell an instrument. Currently, global rating is undertaken by several credit rating agencies with the general ones are Standard and Poor’s (S&P), Moody’s Corporation both of whom are based in the USA and Fitch Rating Firm. The above named rating agencies hold the majority of the credit rating share. However, there are more than 100 minor credit rating agencies in the market offering quality credit rating in national markets and industries (Benmelech 2009). Credit rating is usually done by experts who examine various factors and provide the rating is expressed in either alphabetical or alphanumeric symbols. AAA is the highest possible rating as per the S&P agency. High quality credit investment grades are grades AAA and AA whereas grades A and BBB offer medium credit quality investment grades. However, grades BB, B, CCC, CC and, C means that the issuer has a low credit quality and maybe there is no existence of investment credit quality. Grade D is the lowest possible credit rating, and this means that there is no way that the creditor will recover his interest plus the principal amount. According to this credit rating, those companies with AAA, AA, A and, BBB grades p resents less risk and thus most investors will be attracted to invest in them since they have assurance that there will be a gain in their market share. Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) plays a bigger role in today’s financial markets in Qatar. The rating is normally followed closely by the investors, issuers, borrowers and government’s financial institutions. Research Objectiv

Pseudocode Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pseudocode Standards - Essay Example Every ‘Store’ object would comprise of the store id, name, its location, phone number, distance from the current station.   The ‘Stores’ array at each station would already be sorted according to the lowest distance. Every ‘Store’ object would comprise of the store id, name, its location, phone number, distance from the current station.   The ‘Stores’ array at each station would already be sorted according to the lowest distance. In order to avoid invalid entry by a customer, the station would present the customer with a fixed list of categories to choose the item from. When the customer selects an item from the list, a local search is conducted within the array ‘Items’ of the local database. In case of a match and if the available quantity is greater than 0, the information is presented to the customer. In case no match is found, the item is searched in the ‘Items’ array of the nearest remote store loc ation i.e. on the server of the first store in the ‘Stores’ array. The search continues for all the stores in the array. Information is presented only if the item exists in a particular store. A while loop is used to traverse through all records of items and stores, while the matching conditions are checked through the if-statements. Step 1: Display MenuStep 2: Get Item Name from CustomerStep 3: Match Item name with Items in Local StoreStep 4: In case Item available  Step 5: Print Message â€Å"Available†Step 6: Print Quantity of Item AvailableStep 7: In case Item unavailable at Local Store Step 8: Match Item Name with Items in Nearest Store Step 9: In case Item Available Step 10: Print Message â€Å"Available†.